The relevance of this study to whether spike protein can cause pulmonary hypertension is questionable at best. (It’s also easy to get lost in the weeds of a study like this.) Note the Y-axis units. It turns out that this “study” isn’t even a study at all. Let’s be generous. Found insideVirus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. They showed that the spike protein damaged the cells by binding ACE2. A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. As I like to say, even water can be toxic if too much is ingested. Oh, yes, 4 micrograms/milliliter. Nitroprusside works by breaking down in the presence of oxyhemoglobin to produce, among other things, nitric oxide, while acetylcholine binds to specific protein receptors on the cell surface. Long-Term Damage from COVID Vaccination. FDA Enabled Data Vacuum. The spike protein is very large, often 1200-1400 amino acid residues long; it is 1273 residues in SARS-CoV-2. No. The same thing applies to this study cited by Berenson, as you will see. (The human genome is over 3 billion.) The reason is simple. Both binding and fusion are mediated by a specific viral spike protein. Rather, it’s more like a “news and views” or opinion piece, a review article if you’re feeling particularly generous. Found insideThis volume collects the scientific papers presented in this symposium. Three loosely defined areas, Molecular biology, Virus-Cell Interaction and Viral Pathogenesis, are separated. Credit: Sikora M, PLoS Comput Biol, 2021. Second, that “truth” about the vaccine, according to antivaccine narratives, is that it is dangerous—and preferably ineffective as well. Unlike the case of many papers cherry picked by antivaxxers to support their claims, it’s not that the paper is horrible, either. The novel coronavirus uses its "spike proteins" to latch onto and invade human cells. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its S1 subunit and then fuses viral and host membranes through its S2 subunit. I hope it’s not that. That study used a 10 nM (nanomolar) concentration of spike protein, which, using the molecular weight of spike protein and S1 subunit and found: A 10 nM solution of these [spike protein and S1 subunit] would equate to 14,610,000 pg/mL and 7,650,000 pg/mL respectively which are respectively 146100 times and 76500 times more spike protein than is found in plasma of vaccinated people. gene. Indeed, the authors note that the detection of spike protein “has not yet been described in any vaccine study, likely due to limitations in assay sensitivity and timing assessment”. This protein allows the virus to bind to specific receptors on the surface of a human cell, the first step toward infecting the cell. As stated, the authors found signs of inflammation in the alveoli (air sacs) of the Pseu-Spike-treated lungs, including thickened walls and inflammatory cells. Ebola viruses have one, the influenza virus has two, and herpes simplex virus has five. For one individual (Participant #8), spike was detected at day 29, one day after the second injection and was undetectable two days later. Spike itself is processed by proteases (protein-cleaving enzymes) into S1 and S2 subunits that remain associated with each other. The spike protein (S protein) is a large type I transmembrane protein ranging from 1,160 amino acids for avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and up to 1,400 amino acids for feline coronavirus (FCoV) (Figure 1). Found insideTo my way of thinking, the spark that ignited the explosion of re search in this field was struck at the First International Colloquium on Rhabdoviruses, attended by 30 or so participants in Roscoff, France, in June 1972. The New York Times games out some mutation scenarios to look at how they affect the effectiveness of a potential vaccine:. Aug 4, 2021. While the two proteins display strong structural conservation and the mechanisms underlying membrane fusion are similar, they share no sequence similarity. Amino acids 1 to 422 of the spike protein of SARS associated coronavirus are required for induction of cyclooxygenase-2 Virus Genes . You have to separate the effects of full infection and the effect of spike protein alone, and the authors did not do this, other than as a prelude to speculation that spike protein alone might cause pulmonary hypertension. COVID-19 vaccines are capable of causing damage in a number of different ways. surprise!—to definitely not to be “smoking gun” evidence for Berenson’s claims. Ward and his team, in the new study, found that the spike proteins not only form trimers successfully, but … The spike protein of coronaviruses is one such viral glycoprotein. But what does Olgata’s finding for the Moderna mean regarding the safety of the vaccine? A recent study found spike protein in the blood of individuals vaccinated against COVID-19, but the levels were too low to cause damage, according to one of the study's authors. The Simoa antigen assays for the full spike protein are designed to require antibody binding to both the S1 and S2 subunits for detection, resulting in a cleaved spike protein to be undetectable. What does the Spike Protein Antibody test detect? No doubt antivaxxers will leap all over those papers when they are published. It may also mean your body’s immune system has generated a response to a prior COVID-19 infection. The coronavirus uses this protein to invade human cells. There are a variety of pseudoviruses now, as described in this article in The Scientist: Among these, researchers turned to models of the pathogen such as pseudoviruses and chimeric viruses that can be studied safely in labs with lower biosafety level (BSL) clearance than required for studying the wildtype version, in an effort to expand the study of the novel coronavirus. I have heard the David Wolfe protocol is currently the best there is vs the spike protein - Summary of the Spike Protein Protocol - update/if you know someone who has been injected and requires help, please provide them with this protocol. As a result, I find it very difficult to interpret their results. The studies will allow the researchers to determine common principles that can be applied to all CoVs. Depending on the type of virus, the genome can contain as few as two genes — one for the protein from which the capsid is built, the other for the polymerase — or as many as hundreds. It beggars the imagination to suggest that, even if the transient appearance of spike protein after vaccination at a concentration of (at most) tens of picograms/ml were toxic, there would be no safety signal after so many doses. Since I first discovered this study, it’s just amused me how obvious it is that the antivaxxers citing this study have obviously not actually read the study itself, nor have they considered the background science and knowledge behind the study. To do so, they used a very sensitive technique known as single molecule array (SIMOA) to detect intact spike protein and its S1 fragment produced by RNA-1273. - The body makes a class of proteins called antibodies which bind to organisms (i.e. That, rather than spike protein transfer, is how vaccinated infect the unvaccinated. Specific narratives of antivaccine misinformation about any given vaccine generally consist of a combination of a subset (or all) of the following elements. âThat could explain why some people have strokes, and why some people have issues in other parts of the body. Exactly. It’s also important to note that target effects matter. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is stuck on the roughly spherical viral particle, embedded within the envelope and projecting out into space, ready to cling on to unsuspecting cells. In other words, the authors’ assay is so sensitive that it’s detecting incredibly minute amounts of spike protein from the vaccine in the blood that previous studies could not detect, simply because they used insufficiently sensitive assays. Salk researchers collaborated with scientists at the University of California San Diego on the paper, including co-first author Jiao Zhang and co-senior author John Shyy, among others. Through this work and the work done by others in the field, we now have a clear picture of coronavirus spike protein structure and are beginning to uncover the mechanisms of coronavirus entry and membrane fusion. About three weeks ago, antivaxxers started pointing to a study from the Salk Institute as yet more “proof” that the spike protein used in COVID-19 vaccines is toxic and deadly. The spike protein is the part of the virus structure that interfaces with the host cell. Using what is a highly artificial system, the authors compared the levels of a whole slate of protein markers related to cell signaling and oxidative stress in the mock- and Pseu-Spike-treated hamsters, as well as the histology of the lungs. Found inside – Page iThis book provides a comprehensive overview of recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their biology and associated challenges for their treatment and prevention of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2006 Dec;33(3):309-17. doi: 10.1007/s11262-005-0070-4. First, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are given in the upper arm muscle. Sure, they do cite two other papers, one from 2005 showing that injecting mice with recombinant spike protein from SARS reduced the ACE2 expression and worsened acid-induced lung injury. damaging vascular endothelial cells, but this is the first time the process has been documented. The pulmonary vascular system is a much lower pressure system than the systemic circulation, which is why the right ventricle, the chamber of the heart that pumps blood through the lungs, is less muscular than the left ventricle, which pumps blood through the rest of the body. They’re antivaxxers. Previous studies have shown a similar effect when cells were exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but this is the first study to show that the damage occurs when cells are exposed to the SPIKE PROTEIN ON ITS OWN. Ebola viruses have one, the influenza virus has two, and herpes simplex virus has five. Before COVID-19, antivaxxers tried to claim that the recently vaccinated were dangerous because they “shed” virus from the vaccine (this does happen but is not dangerous and cases of disease from vaccine shedding are exceedingly rare). Let’s just say that I was quite…underwhelmed…by it. The spike protein is composed of a linear chain of 1,273 amino acids, neatly folded into a … Spike proteins have an essential job to play: They latch onto cells in our airway so the virus can slip inside. Unsurprisingly, the “pandemic’s wrongest man” was all over it on Friday. For one thing, the data available until this point didn’t show evidence of spike circulating, and we have a tendency in shorthand to say that that means there is no spike because we can’t prove a negative. On what do these authors base their claim that spike protein can cause pulmonary hypertension? Posted on May 6th, 2021 by Dr. Francis Collins. They have to portray vaccines as dangerous to others who have not received them as well. In addition to replicating well in culture, they later learned that its surface protein, VSV-G, facilitates entry into all eukaryotic cells, making the virus a useful vector not only as a pseudovirus but as a ferry to deliver DNA into cells for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, one of the authors pointed out this very issue and took antivaxxers to task for misusing their study: i’m going to give a full response asap. The challenge now is acquiring these samples as the vaccine roll out slows down and with high frequency sampling. Human beings have these ACE-2 pathways that are somewhat genetically determined, and when you put on this hook—what they call the spike protein, then it gets into these ACE-2 pathways. Ebola viruses have one, the influenza virus has two, and herpes simplex virus has five. (Doubters should consider this: Why do the mRNA vaccines both require a second dose 3-4 weeks after the first dose if, as many antivaxxers claim, the vaccines crank out spike protein indefinitely?). Now take a look at the Y-axis, in particular, the units on the Y-axis: “pg/ml,” or picograms per ml. These proteins simulate part of the SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus) cell structure and trick the body into believing it's infected with the virus. The mean spike peak level was 62 pg/mL ± 13 pg/mL. J Virol. The commonality between them is that they all have vascular underpinnings.â. 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